VOR stations are fairly short range: the signals are line of sight between transmitter and receiver and are useful for up to 200 miles.

Each station broadcasts a VHF radio composite signal including the navigation signal, station's identifier and voice, if so equipped.

No, tropopause at the pole is lower (30.000ft) than at the equator (56.000ft)

This provides pitch manoeuvrability.

Longitudinal balancing by the trim system.

An ILS (Instrument Landing System) is defined as a precision runway approach aid based on two radio beams which together provide pilots with both vertical and horizontal guidance during an approach to land.

The ILS aerials transmit two lobes. For a pilot on final, the lobe to his right is modulated at a frequency of 150 Hz and the one to his left at 90 Hz. The point where the lobes meet is the centre line of the runway. As the signals on the lobe move from the centre line to either side, their amplitude increases. This means the magnitude of their depth modulation increases. The depth modulation can be considered as a percentage. For example, if an aircraft receives a 15% depth modulated signal from the left and a 5% depth modulated signal from the right, the difference of modulation becomes 10% to the left. This electrical imbalance is sent to the aircraft and the localizer needle is designed in such a way that it will show a deflection to the opposite direction, telling the pilot to go to the right.

When on the centre line, the modulation difference is zero and the needle centres itself.

The glide slope or the glide path provides the pilot with vertical guidance. The glide slope is set such that a glide slope angle of 3 degrees is maintained by the pilot. The needle of the slope moves up, if the aircraft is too low and moves down if it is too much above the required path. The glide slope is on the UHF band (329.15 - 335 Mhz).

The glide slope operates the same way as the localizer. The only difference is that the lobes are emitted on the vertical plane. The upper lobe is modulated at 90 Hz while the bottom one at 150 Hz. Exactly the same way as before, the needle of the slope moves based on the difference in depth modulation. As like before when the modulation difference is nil, the glide needle moves to the very centre of the instrument.

For a commerical aeroplane: During take off. At this point the aircraft has it it's maximum weight, and accelerating in the vertical plane requiring the highest ammount of lift to counteract the weight.

Yes, some directional control as we still have two functioning engines.

Airplanes can get uncontrollable during windshear.

Carb icing can occur in the engine induction system and in the carburettor of piston engines.

Regarding the second question, mention the conditions in which carb icing can occur and if it would be possible on that particular day.

Conditions for carb icing: when OAT is between -10 & +30, with high humidity (greater than 40%) and/or visible moisture.

To protect the engine from blowing up as it is easy to open the throttles to far during take off at sea level.

Low pressure weather, unstable weather.